DON'T BE STUPID!
Proactive policing strategies and multiple forms of police misconduct and violence have disproportionately affected people of color who live in urban, disadvantaged communities (Brunson & Miller, 2006). Justification of this behavior is rooted in historical narratives and a belief structure, often perpetuated in the criminal justice system that views Black men as “symbolic assailants” (Anderson, 1990; Bridges & Steen, 1998; Brunson & Miller, 2006; Holmes, 2000; Jackson, 1997; Jacobs & O’Brien, 1998; Kennedy, 1997; Smith & Holmes, 2003; Quillian & Pager, 2001). Feagin (1991) warns that these covert and routine strategies have widespread, cumulative effects on both individuals and the collective consciousness of Black communities.
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